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強勢管治的根源 ——學習新加坡前必須的地方知識

In 關於我們居住的地方, 評論評論人, 原來新加坡 on 四月 21, 2012 at 3:43 am

李祖喬  新加坡國立大學社會學系博士生

鄺健銘  新加坡國立大學李光耀公共政策學院碩士

(原文刊於明報,21-4-2012)

 

香港近年常說要仿效新加坡,但簡化地認為「新加坡」就是值得模仿的「強勢」及「秩序」、「香港」就是停滯不前的「弱勢」及「混亂」,並不客觀。之所以要了解國情,就是不想片面地妖魔化中國,而是深刻了解中央╱地方關係、各派系、不同時期的歷史發展等等因素如何造成今天的中國制度。同理,學習新加坡政策,必須先理解人家的歷史及地方知識,體會新加坡人的處境及需要,才會明白為何當地會衍生出相應的政府及政策方向。這樣才能全面了解有什麼政策真正適合香港,而非東施效顰。

星港兩地的基本差異

星政府能力比特區強,非如香港坊間所想,純粹是李光耀或個別強勢政府的功勞。即使是新加坡本地的學術研究,也不會把其政府的管治成就僅僅歸功於個別領袖或政黨。所有國家及城市的政治及政策發展,都受各自的地理位置與歷史處境所局限。那過去及現在星港面對的形勢有何不同?有兩大不同:

一•區域政治的不同:保護港vs.自由港

新加坡獨立於60年代、冷戰時的東南亞。由於馬來西亞對華人的不公平政策,以及印尼排華,使新加坡成為區域中唯一的華人保護港(組屋有防空洞,就是怕馬來西亞可能入侵)。「強政府」的形成,很大程度是基於當時不穩定的地緣政治及相應地追求穩定的南洋華人心理;至於為何當地反對力量薄弱,也不是如坊間想像般、簡單地以為是政府強硬地馴服一切。不少研究指,60年代左派勢力錯誤跟隨大陸激進文革路線、主動放棄議會席位走上街頭,盲目以敵我態度批判任何政策而失去民心,也造就後來「強政府」成形。這些是理解新加坡強勢管治時不能忽略的歷史基礎。

冷戰中的香港卻從沒鄰近地區的威脅,反而是各大國(英、美、國共)為各自利益而刻意共同保持穩定的自由港。新加坡政府是為自保而大刀闊斧,港英政府則恰恰是盡量事事不上身,以平衡及調節各方利益為大目標。要在殖民政府下爭取權益,本地華人只能自己發聲,形成兩岸專制下均沒有的民間社運傳統。例如老左派在1967年暴動,雖然亂放菠蘿,但其不可否定的功勞,是同時使港英意識到社會已不滿至臨界點,隨後推動改革(見當時港英防衛司姬達於張家偉《六七暴動內情》中的訪問)。70年代廉署成立、實施工人有薪及產子假期、以中文為法定語言,也不是港英皇恩浩蕩,而是本土華人的社會運動爭取所得。此上街文化傳統,在全世界大部分地方的準則而言十分溫和,也有貢獻。沒有天星皇后,哪有發展局?

所以,不能抽空比較兩地政府的強弱。兩地本質上處於不同地理位置,面對不同歷史處境,成就相應的政府及民間社會。筆者認識的不少新加坡年輕學者,均認同香港是民間強、政府弱,新加坡是相反。但這絕不代表一方是「失序」、一方是「專制」,更不代表哪個社會較好,也不代表以保護港為基礎的星洲模式放諸自由港是可行的。

二•政體性質的不同:主權國 vs. 中國特區

作為主權國家的星政府比特區「強」,似乎理所當然。

新加坡本質上是獨立國家,需要廣泛及全面地思考自身的定位及未來,亦有較大自主度實現願景。例如它對本土未來十分重視。不少男性高官是在年輕軍訓時特地選拔的本土精英、以獎學金保送到劍橋哈佛念學士碩士、回星後任職外交及不同部門而訓練出來。新加坡想發展動畫業,以優惠政策擊敗地價過高的香港而邀得《星球大戰》的龍頭公司Lucasfilm進駐,卻要求必須聘請一定數量的本土青年人才。所謂「強政府」,不如說是完全獨立、需要對本土社會思考更全面及長遠的主權政府。

香港不是有自主性的主權國,是繼承港英政治體制的中國特區。特區施政,雖比大陸其他地區而言有一定獨立性,卻從不可能脫離國家影響,必然在政治、經濟及文化上受大陸衝擊。而為求穩定,特區作為「經濟城市」,繼承的也是重商主義及以平衡利益為主的港式殖民政策。例如特區雖然欠缺政治人才,卻也從不會有以香港為本位的人才培訓機制,而是很港英殖民式地從政府及商界選取現成的、對既定體制有行政經驗而又可以調控各方利益的愛國者。至於其他它行業的人才如拿金牌的足球隊、拿奧斯卡的動畫大師,作為利益調控者的特區政府從來只會抽水祝賀,不會扶持,只會叫本地人自行出外及北上搵食。

深入地看,兩者治理的雖同為極受外圍因素影響的小城市,政策和定位也相近(例如「亞洲中心」、「東西滙聚」),但星政府的政策是以其300多萬可投票的本土公民(citizen)為最終依歸。在新城工作的200萬外地過客,身分只是沒有選舉權及完整福利的永久居民(permanent resident)及外地人(foreigner);而特區作為在大陸中獨特的、非民選的殖民式地方政府,往往只能按大陸情况調節自身及平衡利益。香港700萬人人口中,父母對香港毫無歸屬感的雙非嬰兒、拿着特區護照而從不過問社會發展的專才、為本地權益示威而被判監的議員、認為示威人士搞亂檔抵死的老中青維園阿伯,同樣是中國特區裏的permanent resident。故此,星港政體特性及其認受性的來源根本不同,很難證明星洲模式有利香港。

被忽視了的地方優勢?

星港兩地的政治發展各有歷史軌迹,不可一概而論,以上是學習新加坡前應先疏理的地方知識。固然,新加坡有許多值得學習的地方,例如環境、供水、房屋等具體政策。但盲目地以「強勢政府管治人民」的標籤簡化新城,既是無視香港作為在東亞自由港所形成的民間本土的傳統及港式政體,也沒有尊重新加坡作為一個東南亞國家所經歷過的歷史處境。

筆者認識的新加坡年輕學者,不少認為香港比新加坡的優勢是其背靠中國大陸、又同時相對自由的民間土壤,但也同樣認為新加坡的相對優勢是沒有中國大陸背靠下所訓練出來的自主性政府及政策思維。在全球城市的競爭及世界對中國的認識觀念中,香港向以自由及活躍的市民世界見稱,有充滿創意及廣受歡迎的香港電影,也有眾多很「獅子山下」的勤奮小店。研究亞洲及南中國的學者Carolyn Cartier甚至認為,香港的文化藝術在近年的社會運動中表現活躍,在整個以商業拍賣為主導的亞洲藝術發展中獨一無二,反映出香港民間社會的生機與活力。有追看外地及內地媒體的人都知道,對香港民間社會運動及文化創新的報道從來都很正面。負面的報道,多只是關於官商勾結及管治不近民情的施政失誤。

在不少港人眼中,民間自由與社會運動使香港雜亂無章,卻鮮會明白這是我們獨一無二、且為內地及外地所認同的重要資產。有見及此,徜若我們真要學習什麼,是否應該先停一停,諗一諗:我們是否充分理解香港社會的問題根源為何、優勢為何?又,我們需要怎樣的管治方式來解決香港種種問題?是由上而下的強勢管治,還是因勢利導、好好保護及發揮地方優勢和核心價值的後援式管治?

新加坡, 日本, 創意.

In 讀後感, 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 一月 29, 2010 at 5:31 am

 

 

1. 海峽時報今天有篇評論相當有趣. 它提出, 新加坡有本錢做創意城市. 理由是觀照日本, 它著重規條, 當中大部份人亦緊守規條生活, 但它的創意卻是世界知名. 因此新加坡雖然有一個受高度操控的社會, 這不礙它成為一個創意城市.

2. 第一個問題是, 日本的創意是怎樣來的? 作者認為來自社會教條. 他的推論是:

  1. 日本只有少數人有創意.
  2. 由於日本崇尚集體主意, 因此有創意的人不會獨食難肥, 而是把創意以商品形式與其他社會成員共享. 因此其創意在國內外打響了名堂.

3. 他的這樣一個說法, 只說了一半. 那一小撮人的創意何來? 他沒有解釋.

4. 在這樣的基礎下, 他就結論新加坡因而同樣地可以有本錢成為創意城市, 起碼有兩個地方可被質疑:

  1. 新加坡有什麼社會教條可催生創意; 至少, 可產生一少撮有創意的人?
  2. 即使新加坡的創意可以以商品形式推廣出去, 但有什麼辦法可令大眾不流於一味使用, 還會驚為天人地叫: “噢! 這就是創意!” 然後激發他們自身創意, 營造環境讓創意像雪球一樣滾大下去?
  3. 日本的創意源頭真如作者描繪那般嗎?

5. 先重新看日本, 試試思考它的創意源頭.

  1. 生存因素: 印象中, 日本是一個極重自尊的民族. 這大概與他們的武士道精神極重榮譽有關. 戰敗投降後, 日本人自尊大為受挫; 為了急起直追, 他們發揮創意, 重新發展經濟, 建立自己的東西. 電器營銷的表現特別令人印象深刻, 例如walkman這個革命性發明. 因此, 至八十年代, 日本是今日的中國; 在美國, 大部份商品都是Made in Japan, 令美國貿易赤字愈滾愈大, 最後施壓日本逼使它的貨幣升值. 這是後話. 
  2. 文化環境: 戰後日本, 漫畫興起, 原因在於漫畫家想重建日本人心靈. 後來很有一大部份作品變得家傳戶曉, 例如叮噹, 龍珠, 近至死亡筆記, 鋼之煉金術師. 當中科幻漫畫是常見的題材, 這些戰後時期對未來世界(即使以今天目光而言, 仍是未來)的想像, 對社會中的創意蘊釀不無貢獻. 此外文學, 電影, 音樂, 電視劇等在日本亦有蓬勃發展. 加上一句關於創意與文化環境的關係. 創意大都來自想像力以及對生活觀察的敏感度. 對生活觀察的敏感度可以被理解為不斷發掘生活所需的頻密程度. 而文化環境, 包括漫畫, 電影與文學, 正好成為大眾想像力以及對生活觀察的敏感度的催化劑. 一句話, 沒有蓬勃的文化環境, 城市的創意程度就會大為降低.

6. 對日本人的性格, 還要多說一句. 日本人是有趣的人種, 有趣在於他們是多重性格的人; 至少, 是雙重性格的人. 美國學者對他們的形容是他們是既自卑又自大的人. 那暗示即使大都分日本人緊守社會規條, 很可能只是他們抑壓自身的結果; 換句話說, 那只是他們性格的其中一面. AV 盛行充就是好例子. 當中題材百出而且受落, 大有可能是因為這都是現實生活沒大可能發生情節, 而在觀看期間, 看者尋得了發泄. 例如其中一個情節, 在葬禮女死者被幹活了; 若然單純認定日本人是純然受規條制約的人, 那便很難解釋這情節的由來.

7. 新加坡除了在生存因素與日本有吻合之處外, 在文化因素以及創意推手方面有很大. 先說吻合之處. 坡政府一直描繪坡成就得來不易, 而且因為新加坡無依無靠因而未來充滿危機, 因此創意就被肯定為在世界立足的一個強有力武器, 與日本相若.

8. 日本跟新加坡不同的地方是:

  1. 創意的推手不同: 在日本, 似乎帶動創意的推手多來自社會: 即商家, 文化人等. 而新加坡說創意說得最多的是政府, 卻難以見到和聲以及代表作. 換句話說, 日本的創意帶動是由下而上, 而新加坡的多是由上而下. 這點很重要. 因為這關係到大眾對創意的敏度, 如果大眾只知跟遊戲規則玩而對創意的熱情非常平淡, 那城市中的創意風氣也不會很盛. 日本的創意推手模式似乎比較有利於推動大眾對創意的興趣, 讓創意滾大下去, 原因是其在社會的滲透力較高. 新加坡模式成功與否, 在於1. 透過社會組織協作的滲透力有多大; 2. 社會大眾對政府推動的受落程度有多大. 第二點會在8.2以及8.3加以論述.
  2. 新加坡欠缺自身的文化: 新加坡是一個很質化的社會, 5C(cash, car, condonium, club house membership, credit card)價值很受推崇. 同時, 坡可說是一個文化沙漠, 即沒有文化環境以滾大社會創意, 因它沒有代表性文學, 電影, 漫畫等. 原因大概有兩個, 1. 過後地強調global city這個定位, 結果失去了自身性格; 2. 有internal security act以及對媒體的過份素操控, 文化不能蓬勃發展. 文化發展的起點, 大抵都是由可以暢所欲言開始.
  3. 大眾純然受社會規條制約?: 關鍵在於文化環境. 日本的文化環境令其雙重性格得以延續; 既受社會規條制約, 同時亦透過文化環境尋得宣泄, 為創意留下空間. 在坡, 文化環境? 沒有. 加之坡政府強調meritocracy, 而坡人大都愛贏, 同時要在meritocracy脫穎而出, 前提是讀書成績要好. 那即是說跟方遊戲規則玩最要緊, 因此創意不創意不重要. 換句話說, 坡人會較日本人受規條制約而少有think otherwise.

9. 結論:

  1. 作者說日本的創意只集中在少數人身上, 其他人毫無創意值得商榷. 原因有兩個: 1. 如果大眾對創意沒有觸覺需求, 何來創意之流行? 2.忽視了日本人的雙重性格, 因而誇大了日本人受規條制約程度.
  2. 城市創意程度依賴大眾對創意的熱情, 創意才得以滾大延續; 而文化環境是大眾對創意的熱情的一個重要催化劑.
  3. 新加坡的創意前景難以用日本來證明”雖然社會受操控, 創意城市一樣可以被打造”.
S’pore has what it takes to be creative

I HAVE often heard the following comment in Singapore: ‘Our country can never be known for creativity; we are too rigid, there is not enough openness to encourage individuality and free thought.’But the quote is not Singaporean. It is Japanese.I have heard it hundreds of times there. But, despite the in-country beliefs, Japan is one of the most creative nations on earth. In a global survey of 4,000 people that I did in 2008 with others, in every country we surveyed, Japan ranked either No. 1 or No. 2 (to the United States) in creativity.From the innovative Toyota Prius to the imaginative Nintendo Wii, utilitarian wash-and-dry Toto toilets and to fanciful cartoon characters with a global following, the Japanese have a long track record of originality.Based on theory, there is good reason for the Japanese to believe that their environment would not be conducive to ingenuity. After all, creativity literature might lead one to believe that creativity is born of leisure time and freedom from constraints. From this perspective, neither Japan nor Singapore should be creative: Both are rigid social structures full of rules.But much of Japan’s creativity may actually stem directly from structure and rules. While the vast majority of Japanese are quite comfortable living by the rules and are generally not creative, there is a tiny percentage of them who can really claim responsibility for the country’s creative reputation.Often, these creative minds work in industries such as fashion, entertainment, video games, toy manufacturing, and auto and industrial design. This tiny group mingles with the rest of Japanese society in subways, workplaces, bars and shopping malls. They pay taxes, obey laws and raise families.In most ways, they are indistinguishable from other Japanese. But they have distanced themselves in the way they think and the way they dream. And the velocity required to escape from the nation’s rigid social norms seems to have flung them into another dimension – a rarefied mental space inhabited by very few people on earth.In Japan – probably more than in the US – the group nature of society may then facilitate even a greater percentage of those individual brainstorms becoming commercial realities. Americans pride themselves on their individuality. If you are a true individual, you are not going to kowtow to other individuals – no matter how interesting they are. But in Japan, being a ‘groupie’ of a Creative meets both individual needs (‘I’m not part of big, corporate Japan’) and social needs (‘I get to be part of a really interesting group!’).Japanese individual creativity translates relatively easily into businesses and brands because there are ready-made support groups. And the nation’s fascination with the next fad generates a ready market for the most distinctive products and services.Singapore does not show up on the global list of creative countries now but it could, eventually. This rule-bound society with tight traditional social structures can create the pressure. And there is a ready pool of workers and customers looking for the next ‘new thing’.Where Singapore could potentially even outdo Japan is in the ability to translate a creative idea into an ingenious product for the rest of the world. Because of cultural and linguistic barriers, non-Japanese ideas get exposed to only a very small portion of Japan’s creative output. In contrast, Singapore is positioned to translate creative products and services for the largest markets of the future – the West, India and China.So, my answer every time I hear Singaporeans pooh-pooh the notion of home-grown creativity is: ‘You may already have the right stuff.’

The writer is from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy.

新加坡的政治教育

In 看了新聞以後, 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 一月 16, 2010 at 4:48 am

1. 以下文章刊於是日海峽時報

2. 討論焦點在於應否在學校教授世界不同政制.

3. 出發點在於學生的政治冷感, 想從中燃起他們的政治興趣.

4. 有兩個有趣的問題因而衍生出來:

  • 為什麼學生那樣政治冷感?
  • 為什麼不想學生再政治冷感?

5. 第一個問題不難回答, 徵結在於政府過度管制, 大大限制社會發展.

第一個層次可見於校園管理. 學生會被嚴正聲明不能搞事, 否則, 閣下前途閣下自理. 刊於星期日明報的”將臨的起義”–一篇描述歐洲左翼最新思想的文章, 在這裡顯然會被禁. 那即是說, 學生可接觸的讀物都非常和諧; 那如何可以期望他們可以對政事有興趣?

第二個層次, 在於政府論述. 李光耀曾言, 如果一架載滿新加坡官的飛機墜毀, 那麼新加坡就完了; 暗示只有最醒目的人才可以工作於政府. 而政府一直以只需短短四十年, 便將新加坡由窮國轉化成人人爭相仿效的經濟強國為傲; 聽得久了, 大家就視之為常識, 放心地把大事小事交給政府打理, 自己專心掘金去也.

第三個層次, 見於這裡的文化. 這裡有5c之說 (cash, condonium, club membership, car, credit card), 而且在政府高舉勝者為王(meritocracy)的旗幟下, 大家都很怕輸. 曾聽說一個故事. 有國際大酒店公司在坡培訓酒店管理人員; 及後, 那些學員卻沒有酒店請. 原因? 是因為他們在面試時被問到: “你肯先由boy仔做起嗎?” “當然不, i am trained to be a manager”, 愛贏愛面子的程度大概如此. 既然愛贏, 而嬴的準則大概不離5C, 加之多口干預政治就贏不了, 為什麼還要對政治有興趣?

6. 那為什麼要增加學生對政治的興趣? 潛台詞顯然是政府要成功, 並不能只靠one man band, 而需要各方配合. 有個學者Weiss, 曾提出管治互賴的概念(governance interdependence). 她打的比喻就是: 想像一個國家式或一個城市就如一支足球隊, 充其量政府就只能是個中場, 其他位置如前鋒, 後衛就只能靠ngo, 私人企業等.大家合作順暢, 才能有好賽果. 那為private public partnership (PPP) 下了註腳; 那也解釋坡政府為何近年口風一轉, 說政府與坡民同坐一條反船, 同一team, 因此大家要積極留意社會大事, 向政府進言. 增加學生政治興趣, 便是沿自這個思路.

7. 引伸的道理大概有兩個:

l   總是鼓吹社會和諧, 即大家齊齊收聲聽政府話的人, 可以反思這麼一種思維是否務實地有利於一個城市或國家.

l   如何末才可以令學生有政治熱情? 似乎先要條件是言論自由—即使代價是眾聲喧嘩, 不勝其煩. 但除非推翻了governance interdependence 之說, 若不, 眾聲喧嘩還是值得包容.



Your Insights
LAST week, we asked readers if they favoured the idea of teaching comparative political systems in schools. We also asked for their thoughts on how it should be taught, what should be included in the syllabus, and what its final objectives should be.
Of the 10-plus responses, many supported the idea, provided it is carried out in a non-partisan fashion. Those who opposed it said the current school system already teaches comparative political systems, and that students are already overloaded with school work.
Readers also gave suggestions on how it could be implemented. Some proposed that it should be taught to secondary school students, and that the syllabus should be approved by both the ruling People’s Action Party and the opposition parties.
Here is a sampling of the responses:
‘Political apathy can hardly be addressed through education – especially since too many of us focus on rote learning rather than active learning. That said, we cannot dismiss the usefulness of education in our attempt to create a politically active citizenry…However, this will work only if it goes hand in hand with greater freedom on the societal level. Only then will students recognise the applicability of this knowledge in the future.’
Ms Rachel Wong, via e-mail
‘I favour the idea of teaching comparative political systems in school. As a student, I have observed how my peers have no regard for the political system in our country. I feel this current schooling generation has lived in political stability and, hence, does not see the need to engage in politics and open its mind to other political regimes.’
Ms Esther Dawes, via SMS
‘I’m a year two junior college student. I am in favour of comparative political systems being taught in schools. Many students are apathetic towards politics and I feel that such a course could evoke their interest in politics and allow them to be more informed. I agree that such a course may be exploited by educators as they impose their political views on their students. Such a course should not be integrated with any form of national education, because this can make it very propaganda-like.’
Ms Sharyn Soh, via e-mail
‘I do not favour the idea of teaching comparative political systems as there are already so many subjects being taught in schools. There are also many students who are struggling with their studies. However, to make students interested in politics, there can be newspaper-reading sessions in school. Teachers can facilitate discussions regarding various issues among the students.’
Ms Normarlina Mohamed Taib, via e-mail
‘Yes, it should be taught only by teachers trained in the subject matter. It can be taught at all levels, with subject content in accordance to the curriculum level. The basic syllabus should include an introduction to political systems, philosophies and societies, and the systems by which a state is governed based on culture, location and resources.’
Mr Luke Subhas, via e-mail
‘If ever such a course is to be introduced in schools, I hope it will cover various aspects of human rights, especially pertaining to rights to food, shelter, education and access to water, and rights of a child. Aspects of the Asean Charter should also be covered. Educate our children to respect the rights of other human beings first at the most basic level before they try to understand the complexities of different political systems. Knowledge is useless if their moral compass is pointed in the wrong direction.’
Mr Chris Lee, via e-mail

金名

創意。新加坡。香港

In 關於我們居住的地方, 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 十一月 17, 2009 at 3:19 pm

1. http://www.lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/ips/docs/events/ysc2008/Report_YSC2008_20-211108.pdf

這是關於新加坡走向創意城市之路研討會的撮要

2. 創意的蘊養最重要的一個原素或起始點是”包容”

3. 在新加坡, 有一種東西叫Internal security act(isa) (類似23條), 只要在任何場合發表新加坡的負面言論, 包括網上, 就可以有一個珍貴機會與政府聊聊天.

4. 還有一件有趣事, 在新加坡, 道德與法律的界線比香港更模糊. 因此, 色戒差不多有三分之一, 什至是三分之二被刪; 及後, 群眾相當不滿, 當局在幾個月之後才重新把色戒完整版上畫

5. 在研討會中, political liberation 好像不是重點. 重點是在talent: 如何從外地搬來有創意的人來.

6. 只靠外來人才, 問題可真不少:

  • 本地人不滿: 今期Economists 就有相關報導.
  • 外地人才流失率高, 因為他們大都視新加坡為轉車站
  • 本地人發揮機會少, 因為有過多外地人才

7. 還有的問題是, 坡人覺得政府真捧, 事事懶得想, 懶得說, 再加上isa以及重重的道德管制, think out of the box就成了gucci 貸物. 在這個context下搬來外來創意人才就可以做到創意城市的目標, 我懷疑.

8. 香港的亂哄哄, 其實也可以是一種本錢—若然從這個角度看.

 

他們的言論自由

In 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 十一月 12, 2009 at 4:37 am

 

1. 新加坡海峽時報(Straits Times) 11月6日一篇關於言論自由與傳媒的評論, 有趣

2. 特點是文中忠奸分明:忠的是政府, 奸的是傳媒.

3. 似曾相識的調子: “新加坡地少人種多, 經濟又依賴外在環境, 所以不能出差錯”芸芸.


In defence of Singapore exceptionalism

 

THERE are three ways to respond to critics: ignore them, rebut them or engage them.For a long time, the Singapore Government’s preferred response to criticisms levelled at the Republic’s civil-political milieu has been to ignore them. Some ministers with a more combative nature – notably Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew – have chosen to rebut them robustly. Few have done the critics the honour of actually looking at their views and engaging them publicly.Law Minister and Second Home Affairs Minister K. Shanmugam did so, as did Chief Justice Chan Sek Keong, during the recent meeting of the New York State Bar Association (NYSBA) International Section in Singapore.This was most welcome. More intellectual leaders in Singapore’s public sector as well as its civil society should do the same.The head-in-sand response to criticism simply backfires these days. Bad press gets widely read online, and ignoring it won’t make it go away. Silence in the context of an activist state like Singapore can be interpreted as assent – especially since ministers here are quick to rebut domestic critics.Dismissing surveys that rank Singapore poorly on civil liberties (Freedom House) or media freedom (Reporters Without Borders) while pointing to surveys that heap praise on Singapore (lots) is not a good way to respond to bad press. The approach begs the question as to why Singapore should pat itself on the back in the case of the latter findings while dismissing the former.A better response to criticism would be to see if there is a basis for the views, and then engage the criticism.Former Straits Times journalist- turned media scholar Cherian George, for example, dissected RWB’s media ranking on his blog and found it wanting conceptually and methodologically.An attitude of sober soul-searching when criticised is always in order. But if the criticisms are shown to be wrong or unfair, then a strong, confident, robust response is called for.This in essence is what the few days of exchanges at the NYSBA conference amounted to. CJ Chan parsed the criticisms of Singapore’s judiciary and took them apart one by one, challenging the assertion that the courts here lack independence or that the rule of law in Singapore was flawed.His comments were learned and measured, like the man himself and as befits the office he holds. Yet anyone listening to or reading the Chief Justice would have been left in no doubt as to the firmness of his message: the judiciary operates independently to enforce the law as laid down by Parliament, without fear or favour to the executive or any other party.Mr Shanmugam’s speeches were even more direct in setting out Singapore’s unique position. His comments were the best I have read in many years in summing up the case for what I have termed ‘Singapore exceptionalism’ before: the notion that Singapore’s unique demographic mix, small size, history and geopolitical position compel it to prioritise communitarian over individual values, order over individual expression.Despite being a new Cabinet member, Mr Shanmugam has taken a leading role in defining the PAP Government’s political philosophy to both an international and domestic audience. It takes confidence and eloquence to do so. As a Singaporean who has chafed at unjust criticisms of this Republic, I read the transcript of Mr Shanmugam’s exchange with his interlocutors from the New York Bar with alacrity.I appreciated the way both CJ Chan and Mr Shanmugam located Singapore’s policy and political choices within the context of a larger philosophical debate on the proper balance society should strike between ideals and practice, order and freedom.This has the advantage of moving the discussion beyond the immediate but limited realm of whether Singapore’s laws on libel, elections, media and detention without trial are designed to maintain the PAP’s grip on power. (These laws may help the incumbent; but one should not confuse cause and effect.)When you frame a debate on these laws as solely about the PAP’s determination to hold on to power, you basically close off avenues for productive engagement. For you would be refusing to take into account the fact that laws do not exist in a vacuum, but are legislated and enforced in response to, and in accordance with, a society’s mores.The more pertinent question is whether the laws are good and necessary for Singapore society as a whole, and whether Singaporeans accept them.Mr Shanmugam’s own view is this: ‘I do not accept the notion that there are these restrictions, and they are designed to keep us in power. I disagree with that.’ On libel laws that give more weight to the protection of reputation than free speech, he said: ‘My position is yes, we need it, we want it and this is our political platform and let the people decide.’This is actually the point where the debate should get interesting – but the panel could not go there, because of time, and because it is a debate only Singaporeans have the moral authority to engage in.Foreign critics can cajole and try to browbeat Singapore lawmakers to change – by pointing perhaps to the incongruity of a sophisticated, successful society with a free economy, having a political climate that has restrictions on expression, assembly and contestation. But it is Singaporeans’ views that matter, and Singaporeans who must decide whether these laws are good for Singapore – or only for the People’s Action Party.Singapore is a work in progress, as Mr Shanmugam acknowledged. It has the paranoid tendency of continuously examining itself so as to get better. Whether decades-old laws curtailing freedoms are relevant today, in a free economy situated in a volatile region, remains an issue to grapple with.When speaking to outsiders in defence of Singapore’s overall political philosophy, which privileges the group over the individual, Mr Shanmugam may be said to be speaking for all Singaporeans. But as to whether Singaporeans support specific laws – on libel, for instance, as used in the political realm, or the laws on the media – short of clear surveys or a referendum, the jury is still out.muihoong@sph.com.sg

一則明報沒有報的新聞

In 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡, 很多問題的地方 on 十一月 12, 2009 at 2:54 am

1. 如下題: 中國送兩隻熊貓給新加坡.

2. 問題: 為何新加坡在中國外交策略上佔如此重要的地位?


China sending two pandas to Singapore From Straits Times

SINGAPORE is getting a pair of black and white furry envoys from China to mark the milestone of 20 years of diplomatic relations.
Visiting Chinese President Hu Jintao announced yesterday at an Istana state banquet that a pair of giant pandas will be delivered to Singapore, as he expressed confidence that Singapore-Sino relations will reach ‘a new high’.
The endangered creatures, which China rarely sends overseas, will arrive here in 2011 and Chinese diplomacy experts believe it is a sign of deepening friendship between the two nations.
‘It reflects the importance of Singapore in China’s foreign policy. Beijing does not send out pandas lightly,’ said international relations analyst Shi Yinhong of Renmin University.
Singapore joins an exclusive club of overseas panda hosts, becoming only the seventh country since 1994 to receive the black and white creatures from China.
The pair of pandas, a one-year-old female and a two-year-old male, are from the Wolong panda reserve in China’s south-western Sichuan province.
After a period of acclimatisation in Singapore, they will be unveiled to the public as the resident stars of the new $140 million River Safari, slated to open in 2012. The furry creatures will be here for a joint research on pandas and will stay for 10 years.
‘The presence of giant pandas in Singapore would deeply capture the hearts of Singaporeans across all walks of life,’ said the Singapore Foreign Ministry in a statement yesterday.
‘They would also be a fitting symbol of the close friendship and strong ties between Singapore and China as we celebrate 20 years of diplomatic relations next year.’
President SR Nathan, who hosted the five-course banquet in honour of Mr Hu and his wife, hailed the anniversary as ‘the cusp of a new chapter’ in bilateral relations.
‘Singapore remains committed to being a close partner in China’s developmental process. Our two flagship projects – the Suzhou Industrial Park and the Tianjin Eco-city – symbolise the close ties and deep mutual understanding between Singapore and China,’ said Mr Nathan, in a dinner attended by several Singapore Cabinet ministers, including Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong.
Mr Nathan added that Mr Hu’s three-day state visit – his first since he assumed the presidency in 2003 – is a significant milestone in ties between the two countries.
After congratulating Mr Hu on the impressive parade at the Tiananmen Square on Oct 1 during China’s 60th National Day, Mr Nathan assured the Chinese leader that Singapore wants an economically vibrant and successful China, playing a role in the region along with other major powers.
‘Singapore wants China to continue to grow and succeed in all its endeavours. We also believe China’s continued engagement with Asia will progress with shared understanding and consensus among the nations of Asia,’ he said.
Mr Hu, who arrived here yesterday after a state visit in Malaysia, said that he was ‘deeply impressed’ with the new developments in Singapore since his last visit in 2002.
‘With a government known for its efficiency, pragmatism and enterprising spirit, and a people hard-working, talented and constantly striving for improvements, you have made remarkable achievements in building a modern country that enjoys political stability, economic prosperity and social harmony,’ he said, after reviewing the Guard of Honour at the Istana.
Mr Hu also met President Nathan and Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew for talks yesterday, with the Chinese leader praising Mr Lee as the founder of Sino-Singapore relations. Their meeting stretched half an hour longer than its scheduled 45 minutes.
Mr Hu will meet Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and SM Goh today, before giving an address at the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation CEO summit tomorrow and joining a politically star-studded ensemble of Apec leaders at Suntec City and the Istana this weekend.
For now, though, the buzz is all about the black and white cuddly ambassadors from China. ‘I think the pandas will be great attractions, especially for families because kids will love them,’ said auditor Jasmine Koh, 23.
‘This is really exciting news. I can’t wait to see them.’
shpeh@sph.com.sg
Additional reporting by Lin Zhaowei

新加坡雜談(二)

In 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 八月 12, 2009 at 4:21 pm

給拉了去看國慶足球賽,

中國對新加坡

難以理解中國朋友為何能夠懷著興奮心情去看

最後祖國足球員沒有令人失望

把”且問國足有幾醜, 恰似一班太監上青樓, 全不能射”

這個對聯說的發揮得淋漓盡致

難忘的是

當國足可以在坡籠門前傳波給隊友

中國觀眾卻沒有崩潰

堅持整場比賽喊叫中國加油

更難忘的是,

坡人不少, 也有啦啦隊工具,

卻叫得比雞仔還要細聲

友人說

“那跟坐在家裡看電視有什麼分別?”

對.

友人又說, 日韓到上海比賽

日韓足球迷不多, 啦啦隊卻異常團結叫得大聲非常

又一次看到坡人對國家有多大歸屬感

不枉看完整場足球賽

***********************

從一條陌生路往ORCHARD ION (類尖沙咀的一個新商場)走,

問一個阿嬸如何走

“找些年輕的問吧”

再問一個年青人

“好像….是那邊吧”

崩潰

************************

總是有人說

新加坡是一個細小國家

我不信

在坡,

像從九龍灣到九龍塘這樣的距離

要四十分鍾

理由是我要先搭巴士再轉地鐵

而巴士我要等上半小時

或者如同學那般等了三班車因為太滿而上不了車

從我住的地方到大球場

要先搭巴士, 然後轉地鐵, 然後在地鐵轉線, 然後再轉巴士.

在香港

從九龍灣到天水圍,

一道巴士就到了

新加坡真是一個大得驚人的國家

這就是坡政府引以為傲的好PLANNING了

********************

那反映了什麼?

再談,

金名:出走新加坡繼續讀書

新加坡雜談

In 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 八月 10, 2009 at 7:40 am

在這裡三星期
結論是: 我們他媽的過份神化新加坡

神化的意思是說
就如很多香港評論那樣
動輒就說新加坡是這樣這樣, 香港不是如此就很失敗落後於人
而沒有理會坡有什麼弱點限制
也沒有想到坡是怎樣的一個context, 究竟適合香港與否

************

如果說,
中國沒有言論自由
而張博樹王力雄大談六四西藏仍能安住中國的話
那新加坡是什麼?

聽說, 他們地鐵換上電子顯示器也是頭條之一.

當然, 可以問的是, 言論自由有mud 春用? 有, 這關係到sense of belonging 以至國人對國家loyalty的問題

以一個辯論隊為例, 如果mud春都係老鬼up sai, 細o既沒有發揮空間, 離心一定會較大

************

有一個有趣現象

走到哪裡問途人: 你知道XXX 在哪嗎?
9成的人都不知道

最經典的一次是國慶日我問警察”RAFFLES HOTEL 在哪?”
他們遲疑了一會
討論了一回
然後指了一個方向
當然
那是一個錯的方向

要知道, RAFFLES HOTEL 的著名程度就如半島一般
情況就如你在尖沙咀問警察你知道半島在哪嗎?
“應該在旺角那邊吧”

的士司機更過癮
放了部gps 作為裝置藝術
不懂用也不懂路

“請到college green, 在adam food center 旁”
他們問的不是”where is college green”
而是”what is college green”
adam food center 相當為人熟識, 總比說到college green 好
有些司機仍然會說”adam what?”
差點想說, “那是在馬來西亞的”
我想
原因大概是坡政府規定非路痴不能當司機

為什麼坡人蠢至這個程度?
可能是

原因1: 他們都自閉, 足不出戶
原因2: 有個的士司機說, 坡生活壓力大, 人人只顧掘金, 無暇閒逛
原因3: 族群主義厲害, 比方說, 印度佬只留在little india, 唔同中國人玩, 這就是他們引以為傲的racial harmony; 因為唔玩就唔會有打交機會
原因4: 他們對新加坡的sense of belonging 非常一般, 沒有興趣周圍閒逛. 差不多所有與我吹水的士佬都說新加坡悶, 只有shopping mall, shopping mall, 還有shopping mall; 花草樹木在旅客眼中就爽, 住得久了, 就跟動物園一般

原因四相當過癮, 因為它說的是坡人身份認同問題. 什麼是坡? 什麼是坡人? 很難答的問題. 他們的傳媒只有受政府管的, 以及叫你不斷購買名牌貨的雜誌. 沒有明報月刊, 字花, 信報月刊, 亞洲週刊, 沒有自己一套獨有文化生活. 簡單的說, 生活相當單調枯燥.

身份模糊會衍生loyalty的問題, 而每年坡有超過一萬人移居海外, 當中一定不乏人才; 這令坡政府相當頭痛, 於是用大筆錢引外國talent來.

還有很多想說
續談

***********

要理解一個地方
不能只看政府政策
還要看當地生活細節
就像菊與刀用的方法那樣

************

還有一些有趣問題

為何坡有giordano, 眼鏡88, g2000等港商, 但坡公司卻進不了香港?
為何香港地產商, 如新鴻基, 連orchard road 地段也可弄個新商場, 而坡地產商在香港卻沒有這樣的作為?
為何香港有美心, 大家樂, 大快活等大型連鎖飲食公司, 坡卻沒有?

金名: 出走新加坡繼續讀書

唐吉訶德式香港

In 迅間看地球, 原來新加坡 on 七月 28, 2009 at 1:31 pm

香港總是說新加坡是競爭對手

而到了新加坡一星期以後, 發現談競爭的場合多, 但從沒有提及香港一詞

取而代之的, 是世界目光將轉而至亞洲, 世界趨勢, 新加坡在世界與亞洲中的角色一類的內容

簡單的說, 它看重的都是CONTEXT

相較之下, 我們的世界觀原來是如此割裂, 只知道世界上只有那幾個著名城市

也許兩個地方都自大

但肯定的是, 香港是唐吉訶德式的自大

金名: 新加坡國立大學李光耀公共行政學院碩士生

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